10 Tidepooling Safety Tips for Your Family

Ending The Stigmatization Against Those With Mental Illness

Ending The Stigmatization Against Those With Mental Illness By: Georgia Canfield 4/25/16 Dr. Gullian Authors Goetzel, Ozminkowski, Sederer, and Mark estimated that around one in five Americans will be affected by some sort of mental illness in their lifetime (Goetzel, Ozminkowski, Sederer, Mark 2002). This study indicates that millions of Americans suffer from mental illness, which is often overlooked and still not fully understood. From a sociological perspective one could ask the following: What does society classify as a mental illness, who suffers from mental illness, how do those with mental illness interact with society, and how does society respond to those classified as having a mental illness. These questions can be answered by evaluating the stigma generally held by society about those who suffer from a mental illness and how they are in turn disadvantaged due to said stigma. Possible solutions for ending the stigma held include increasing public ads on mental illness, providing courses on college campuses about the prevalence and treatment of it, having frequent lessons in elementary and high school, widely accessible businesses and numbers that offer treatment and having those with mental illness tell someone they trust that they are suffering. Sociologist and author Ferrante provided an insight on how society interacts with those who have a mental illness when she explained,Show MoreRelatedWhen An Individual Has Lung Cancer, There Is An Immediate1411 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals who suffer from a mental illness are often stigmatized by prejudice and discriminatory views or actions, through the stereotypical portrayals and mass media characterization of people with mental disorders. First, one must understand the reasons and origins of mental illnesses. 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In 2005 Spinney and Millward (2010) did a study determining that despite the benefits of leisure those living in financial poverty are not participated in active programs as they are costly, despite having the desire to. Physical inactivity can have seriousRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 Pagesrisk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the society.† This type of alienation originates from losing connection withRead MoreCauses Of Suicide Among Young Rural Women2227 Words   |  9 Pagestimes more often associated with mental illness than not.1 The explanations for these trends draw on psychological and sociological theories: it has been hypothesized that men are more likely than women to use lethal means of attempting suicide, and that the economic hardship, unemployment, and social disintegration that afflict city life make suicide a greater problem in urban than in rural areas.4 In China, however, the trends regarding gender, urban status, and mental health are surprisingly reversed:Read MoreSuicide Among Young Rural Women2226 Words   |  9 Pagestimes more often associated with mental illness than not.1 The explanations for these trends draw on psychological and sociological theories: it has been hypothesized that men are more likely than women to use lethal means of attempting suicide, and that the economic hardship, unemployment, and social disintegration that afflict city life make suicide a greater problem in urban than in rural areas.4 In China, however, the trends regarding gender, urban status, and mental health are surprisingly reversed:Read MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness2582 Words   |  11 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Until recently, few health insurance plans provided coverage for mental health services to the same extent as physical health services, if they were covered at all. The reasons for the discrimination in health insurance vary, but mental illnesses historically have not been well understood by the public, and people have had a hard time understanding that mental illnesses are biologically based diseases that affect the mind and body just like any other disease that has solely physicalRead MoreHealth Disparities Among Minorities : A Pervasive Problem Within The United States.the Institute Of Medicine Defines Disparity2469 Words   |  10 Pagesand adolescents that identify as part of the sexual minority, lesbian, gay or bisexual, experience a different subset of health disparities in addition to those earlier discussed. A study published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing found that family acceptance of a child’s sexual orientation directly affects their mental and physical health (Ryan, Russell, Huebner, Diaz and Sanchez 205). This study, â€Å"showed clear associations between parental rejecting behaviors during adolescenceRead MoreSexual Predators2439 Words   |  10 Pagesrelationships with other adults (Henderson, 39). Eight-five percent of sexual activity was nonorgasmic with one-fourth of activity ending before any stimulation occurred by the offender (Sanford, 83). Now that we know some offenders characteristics, it is paramount that we learn to identify traits that may be common to youthful victims. Characteristics of a victim Crimes against Children Research Center (CCRC) at the University of New Hampshire found current research makes the stereotype of the online

Where I Was From An Exploration of Joan Didion’s Personal and Social Unrest Free Essays

Where I Was From is a cultured collection of essays written in 2003. To be able to fully understand the intricate notions woven in the book, there is a need to comprehend the creator’s style and background, for the readers to visualize where all the viewpoints and misapprehensions come from. Joan Didion, the creator behind this politically, socially and emotionally linked memoir is a renowned American journalist, essayist, and novelist. We will write a custom essay sample on Where I Was From: An Exploration of Joan Didion’s Personal and Social Unrest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Much of her works relates to her life in California, her hometown, mostly during the 1960’s. She is commended for her style in writing mixed personal reflections and social analyses. She writes about paranoia, clear-eyed analyses of the American culture, and personal and social discontent. She was known to be a conservative writer during her early years, but later adapted to the liberal tenets of democracy. She had written five novles, eight nonfiction including Where I come From, and also had collaborations with her husband, John Gregory Dunne, in writing a number of screenplays (Encyclopedia of World Biography on Joan Didion, n. . , p. 1). Where I Was From centers about the history of California, and Joan Didion’s relationship to it and to her mother. Noticeably, she loves the use of commas and lengthy sentences to highlight her narration. Her tune seems melancholic, expressing her confusions about the place, and the way in which she grew up. She feels that there is a sense of perplexity on which she has become. Thus, she contemplated on the American frontier myth, which refers to the unresolved land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. The American Frontier is a ‘mythical place’ where unrestrained free land was available, resulting to unlimited opportunity (Eidenbach, 2008, p. 99). Where I Was From 3 She also pinpointed the ferocity of a group of popular white high school men, referred to as the Spur Posse incident of 1993. They used a ‘point-system’ record to account for their sexual conquests (Fineman, 1997, p. 177). In addition, when the industry about aircrafts and defense weaponries during the World War II flourished, the people from Lakewood, Califfornia, did as well. Later on, it turned out that the industry was built with the Feds support. Dismally, when that support was withdrawn, the industry doomed. These facts are just some of the historical context implicated in the book (Godbersen, 2003, p. 1). Based on my understanding, Joan Didion uses this as a metaphor in comparison with her life, and generally the rustic myth of California’s origins. What is seen and observed literally does not depict the real circumstances being dealt upon. The veneer of life’s misapprehensions cannot be uncovered by the present analysis itself, for circumstances are intertwined and indeed perplexing to the mind. She compares it with her life, believing she had known herself and her history for so long, only to find out that her viewpoints are inadequate to portray the truth. Joan Didion’s work is so complex in it entirety, it was rich with personal experiences and historical context throughout each essay. Some facts were even misleading to the querying mind. Nevertheless, they are still all intertwined with each other, somehow. It is difficult to summarize such an intricate work, but she retaliates to her readers with an overall realization, that is, the culture that we see today is a direct consequence of a population of survivalists. References Eidenbach, K. (2008). Critical Legal Studies and the Lawless Frontier. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://www.thecritui.com/articles/kirstin.pdf Encyclopedia of World Biography on Joan Didion. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2008, from:Â  http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joan-didion/ Fineman, M., McCluskey, M. (October 1, 1997). Feminism, Media, and the Law. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://books. google.com/books?id=H2hRAVkc0nMCpg=PA178lpg=PA178dq=spur+posse+incidentsource=blots=gWgOvMmeXqsig=SSExAlIv4BXGJjruegEXXG-uRkIhl=ensa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=1ct=result#PPA177,M1 Godbersen, A. (October 15, 2003). California story. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://www.powells.com/review/2003_10_15.html How to cite Where I Was From: An Exploration of Joan Didion’s Personal and Social Unrest, Papers

Economic Advantages free essay sample

However, its large number of member states and broad geographic spread has posed significant challenges for APEC to develop a meaningful economic union. It has faced criticism for failing to meet expectations during its 21 years of existence. This paper examines APECs accomplishments as well as its shortcomings to provide a balanced view of the benefits and drawbacks it provides for the participating economic markets. Economic Advantages Under the theme of Resilient Asia-Pacific, Engine of Global Growth, the 21st APEC summit agreed that a strong multilateral trading system is a key driver for economic growth, Job creation and sustainable development (Dan, 2013). APEC is committed to removing protectionist trade barriers for its member economies in an effort to promote economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. APEC accounts for approximately 44 percent of the global trade giving APEC countries leverage in regards to improving trading systems. The cooperation has vowed to put this objective at the forefront as n improved trading system, which will promote economic growth for its member economies. Asia-Pacific economies will count on enhanced regional connectivity to stimulate trade and attract investment as the member countries seek decisive measures to improve regional economic integration, industry experts say (Nan, 2013). This effort involves improved logistical support, and transport routes to stimulate economic growth for APEC members. The new cooperative mechanism will fully support trade, private investment, industrial productivity and the service industry across APEC etween governments and multinational corporations, which will promote more fluent business transactions. The goal is to encourage stronger logistical channels to remove international business barriers and promote economic growth. The growth of APECs 21 member economies bucked global trends and outpaced the rest of the world in 2012 despite the uncertain environment (APEC, 2012). APEC successfully boosted economic growth for its members in times of economic downturn for many countries. In 2012, the APEC regions growth was forecasted to accelerate to 4. 3 percent and climb further to 4. 7 percent in 2013. By comparison, world growth was projected to decelerate to 3. 5 percent in 2012 before rebounding to 4. 1 percent in 2013 (APEC, 2012). APECs growth is not only stimulating member economies; it is promoting global economic growth. Developing and emerging APEC members GDP growth was forecasted to soften to 6. 3 percent in 2012. Yet they remained the worlds fastest growing economies, contributing more than 50 percent of global real GDP growth (APEC, 2012). The twenty-one member economies are accounted for fifty percent of global GDP, which in return stimulated economic growth over the past few years. Rule-Making and Dispute Handling APECs functions of promoting trade liberalization, trade facilitation and cooperation between its member economies mandate consistent rule-making and functionally successful dispute handling. The members must all be WTO-compliant and concur to an APEC code of practice to settle policy or investment-related disputes, based on existing multilateral mechanisms (Yamazawa, 1997). These basic elements create the foundation that develops into a much broader function, that has evolved over the past two decades, to specifically address the extremely complex omplaints from several of its members regarding trade differences (such as the United States and China) and perceptions of unfair tactics to their economies. APEC ministers adopted a declaration on a trade and investment framework to increase economic activity and facilitate the flow of goods and services among member economies. Based on the declaration, ministers formed the Committee on Trade and Investment (CT) (APEC, 1997). The CT is responsible to senior officials for coordinating APECs work on trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. The CT is one of the key APEC organs, including work on tariffs, non-tariff measures, ervices, deregulation and dispute mediation (APEC); thereby, making the CT one of the primary means by which disputes are heard and resolved. Further clarification for dispute mediation was agreed upon in 2003 under the Dispute Mediation Collective Action Plan. This outline covers three topics, the objective, the guidelines, and the collective actions. The WTO Agreement and other international agreements that do not duplicate or detract from the dispute procedures of the WTO are used to prevent confrontation and escalation of disputes. Members agree to facilitate and encourage procedures for timely and effective resolution, and ensure ransparency of government laws, regulations and administrative procedures. CT aims to reduce and prevent disputes regarding trade and investment matters in order to promote a secure and predictable business environment (APEC, 2003). APEC ministers established the Economic Committee in November 1994. This Committee developed the foundation for the organizations rule making that is based greater private sector investment in the regions infrastructure by encouraging the removal of impediments and creating a more predictable and transparent investment environment (APEC, 1997). The desires of the development of rulemaking were to enhance the free trade between economies and reduce barriers to the governmental and private sector barriers while creating a level playing field for every member economy. APEC welcomes the progress made by economies towards implementing the 2011 APEC Leaders commitment to strengthen the implementation of Good Regulatory Practices (GRPs) by ensuring internal coordination of rule-making, assessing the impact of regulations, and conducting public consultation on proposed regulations (APEC, 2013). APEC welcomes further work to enhance cooperation in romoting cross border privacy rules and encourages member economies to participate in the Cross Border Privacy Rules (CBPR) system on a voluntary basis. CBPR aims to reduce barriers to information flows and enhance consumer privacy interoperability across regional data privacy regimes. As the products change and evolve from tangible materials to intellectual properties, knowledge becomes one of the most sought after commodities for the member economies. APEC continues its efforts to create some boundaries that will prevent disputes from escalating further. Economic Disadvantages With 21 member economies, APEC has a very diverse membership portfolio that includes both emerging markets such as Indonesia and Philippines, as well as developed economies such as the United States and Japan. This diversity also portrays itself in the varying scales of economic activity in its member states such as the export giant China, along with much smaller sized economies such as Vietnam and Papua New Guinea (Kemlu: diverse, 2013). Scale of economic activities in the member states provide varying power gradients among APEC members and can lead to unequal distribution of economic benefits. Economically powerful nations tend to dominate the weaker members and lobby for trade agreements that favor their interests. This is evident in Chinas efforts to reduce tariffs imposed on its exports as it is aiming to overtake the US in becoming the largest economic superpower. As China focusses its efforts to expand trade of manufactured goods, many other APEC nations are concerned with agricultural trade agreements. Countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines still rely on trading agricultural products and natural resources as a major segment of their incomes. Unfortunately, larger conomies dominate the playing field and reap larger segment of the rewards, leaving smaller member states with reduced stakes. APECs diverse structure and varying interests of its member states also prevent APEC from establishing a clear direction towards which the union may move. Developed nations are continuing their efforts for Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation (TILE), while the emerging economies depend on APECs progress on Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH). APEC, unfortunately, has so far failed to set a clear agenda for its future and have not solidified its position hether to prioritize TILF or ECOTECH as it moves into the future.

Motivation and Employee Performance Essay Example

Motivation and Employee Performance Essay Effects of motivation on employees performance in an organization The problem can be placed within human resource management perspective as there maybe issues catering to research literature for instance, there maybe lack of support into employee motivation for positive performance indicator in the organization, for example, the presence of too much authority can affect employee performance due to some issues of motivation, affecting employees motivation level. There is ample need to recognize motivation and performance into employee based perspective, finding out motivation effects on employee performance thus, recognizing research based theories and applications (motivation and employee performance). This will be in Uganda context. 1. What is Motivation and How Does it Affect Performance? Why is knowing how to motivate employees is important? What comprise of motivation received by employees? Discuss with literature 2. What is meant by employee performance? Discuss aspects in accordance to literature 3. How is performance manifested by human resource area? How it is known in terms of effects underlying motivation ways? 4. What are some of motivation effects toward employee performance? Is there a positive effect? A negative effect? Name some 5. What are several ways of measuring motivation to come up with effective employee performance? How it is measured for the purpose of recognizing performance success? There is positive effect of motivation towards employee performance within Uganda’s SME There is negative effect of motivation towards employee performance within Uganda’s SME We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Employee Performance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Employee Performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Employee Performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For literature, motivated employees help organizations survive as motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, HR need to understand what motivates employees within the context of roles they perform, motivating employees is complex as due to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly ( 1991) as for example, research suggests that as employees income increases, money becomes less of motivator (1987), as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of motivator thus, the need to describe the ranked importance of the following motivating factors: job security sympathetic help with personal problems personal loyalty to employees interesting work good working conditions tactful discipline good wages promotions and growth in the organization feeling of being in on things full appreciation of work done Survey based technique will be used to solicit the data. The target respondents are managerial level employees of Uganda’s SMEs, survey will comprise of different sections contains survey statements measuring motivation and employee performance in lieu to: Motivation and acquisition bases Employee Performance bases Motivation and enrichment bases Performance labeling and execution of motivation tactics A total of 50 employees working within two or three Uganda SMEs mostly in the area of manufacturing and production, noting in how they are motivated and what performance level they have resulted due to motivation given such as performance based incentives as well as rewards. The employees are to asked to indicate their extent of agreement using the five-point Likert scale (with 5 = completely agree, to 1 = completely disagree). The motivation for qualitative method is opposed to that of quantitative method. Qualitative method is designed to help researchers understand people and the social and cultural contexts which they live, as the understanding of phenomenon from viewpoints of participants and its particular social and institutional context is largely lost when textual date is quantified, research questions are need to be examined for reliability and validity. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neutral 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree No Statements 1 motivated employees help organizations survive as motivated employees are more productive 1 2 3 4 5 2 HR need to understand what motivates employees within the context of roles they perform 1 2 3 4 5 3 employees income increases, money becomes less of motivator 1 2 3 4 5 4 employees get older, interesting work becomes more of motivator 1 2 3 4 5 Data will be collected and analyzed through using qualitative techniques such as pointing towards document analysis, interviews and questionnaire survey. The primary data is to be collected from the respondents in HR based situations, secondary data is to comprise of reference concerning research subject as the use of existing Malaysia information will be realized within the overall research structure The research paper will argue that current knowledge of determinants of motivation and performance is woefully inadequate as initial step toward improving the situation, conceptual model is a must which identify set of individual, interpersonal, organizational and environmental variables that may influence employee motivation and his level of performance. The model incorporates many constructs and research findings from other disciplines, but the primary purpose is to provide conceptual framework and specific hypotheses to help guide future empirical research for people management.

Discuss the meaning of the term metaphysical with regard to three poems in the book Essays

Discuss the meaning of the term metaphysical with regard to three poems in the book Essays Discuss the meaning of the term metaphysical with regard to three poems in the book Essay Discuss the meaning of the term metaphysical with regard to three poems in the book Essay Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Donne Poems The Book Of Three Metaphysical poetry is poetry that explores a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence and of knowledge. There are a number of trademark characteristics that feature in these poems that technically define them as metaphysical. Some of these features include the use of intellectual and reasoned persuasion, conceits, confrontational arguments and personification. In this book the metaphysical section looks at poems written before 1770 and by analysing three poems, I am hoping to identify the features that are most common in metaphysical poetry. I think it is important to discuss these features in order of importance to try and identify the main features with which you could identify a metaphysical poem. The poems I will look at are To His Coy Mistress, by Andrew Marvell, The Sun Rising, by John Donne, and To Daffodils, by Robert Herrick.Immediately, by looking at these poems, I can see that the purpose of all three poems is to persuade using reasoned logical arguments. In, To His Coy Mistress, with a series of arguments, Marvell is trying to persuade his shy love interest to have a sexual affair with him. This form of structured argument is favoured as oppose to the traditional practise of courting a woman. Because he has been courting this lady for so long and has yet succeeded in bedding her, he is frustrated and decides to embark on a different choice of tactic.This cleverly written poem aims to persuade her with an argument that is sectioned in three parts. In the first, he explains how things would and should be if they had the time. He tells her that if time werent an issue he would love her till the conversion of the Jews. This is ironic because the Jews will never convert to Christianity and this emphases the extent to which he would be prepared to wait for her virginity had he time. He tells her that if there were time to court, the way that she is torturing him would be no crime.The use of the word crime is ve ry strong and would inevitably make the lady feel like a criminal, guilty of tormenting this poor man. In the second part of the argument, Marvell turns to a more realistic note, telling her frankly that there is no time for games. He explains that with times winged chariot hurrying near they are fighting a war against time, where, if they dont hurry things along, they will loose the battle with time. He even tells her that if she doesnt have sex with him, the worms shall take her virginity when she dies. With this cruel argument, Marvell is hoping that he can scare her into sleeping with him. The argument closes with a section that tells her how they should seize the moment. By using the simile like amorous birds of prey, he is telling her that she should forget her coyness and make passionate love with him.The second poem in this section that uses an argument to persuade is The Sun Rising. In this poem, Donne is in bed with his lover and with the sun coming up, the daylight is mak ing their sexual appetite disappear. With this poem he is trying to persuade the sun to go away and leave them in the dark to make love. He says the sun is unruly to rise and a saucy pedantic wretch. From this, he is telling the sun that he is outrageous for halting his enjoyment and at the same time desperately dull for not appreciating how wonderful sex is. This use of opposites is otherwise known as an oxymoron.He tells the sun to go and wake up other people, like the king, and the the schoolboys and sour pretences because he is wasting his energy on someone who doesnt care. For him and his lover do not care for the rags of time because their love is stronger than time, Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime. He also asks him why he feels so powerful, so reverend and strong when his lover shines more brightly than the sun, and that he is surprised that her eyes have not blinded thine. In this argument Donne is trying to belittle the sun, steal his confidence and therefore, pe rsuade him to leave him in peace.In Daffodils, Herrick is trying to persuade the flowers that he loves so dearly, to stay with him forever, begging, stay stay. He compares the life cycle of a daffodil to that of humans explaining that like spring flowers have a short life, so do people. He tells the daffodils that if he waits till the evensong, which is a metaphor for winter, they can go together. He his trying to convince the flowers that they will not have to wait very long for him to die because humans have as short a spring as flowers do.Another characteristic that comes to my attention and features in all three poems is the poets use of geographical and scientific features, such as time and the cosmos to guide their arguments. In To His Coy Mistress, the theme of time and the lack of it is the main theme of the poem and strengthens his argument to his mistress. He also mentions places such as the Indian Ganges and the river Humber as part of his argument to show her how patient he would be if they had time. Even if she were on the other side of the world, he would wait. In The Sun Rising, geography and the cosmos is included in Donnes argument. He tells the sun that his lover is so precious and that her eyes are so bright, that the sun may very well see the riches of th Indias in her eyes.He also makes the sun feel powerless by telling it that the two lovers are the centre of the universe, thy sphere and that the sun is not. In To Daffodils, time and the cycle of life is the key theme of the poem. When Herrick compares the life of a daffodil to a human life he uses the different times of day as metaphors for the different seasons of the year. The early rising is the spring, noon, is the afternoon and evensong is the winter. By making this sort of comparison, he is making the daffodils relate to him and therefore encourage them not to leave when springtime ends. He encourages the daffodil slowly first, pleading with them to stay till the day is over, till the year is over and eventually till his human life is over, so that he can go with them.The last feature that occurs in all three of these poems is the use of personification. In To His Coy Mistress, time is personified when he tells his mistress that times winged chariot hurrying near means they are really fighting a personal battle with time, a war in which they have no way of winning if they do not seize the moment and have sex. In The Sun Rising, the whole poem is dedicated to the sun, indicating that the sun indeed has human characteristics in the eyes of John Donne.Further evidence of this is when he labels the sun as a busy old fool which clearly personifies the sun. In To Daffodils, the same principle applies when Herrick dedicates a whole poem to persuading the flowers not to leave him. By using the personal pronoun, you to address the daffodils he is personifying them as though they were humans. This love of personification by metaphysical poets is not the most prominent characteristic of metaphysical poems but it does feature in all three poems, so evidently it is one of the favoured devices.From my analysis there are many features which tend to define metaphysical poetry that occur frequently, and there are many more that I have not mentioned in this essay. However for me, these three are the characteristics that crop up most in these particular poems and undoubtedly, the use of a logical structured argument is not only popular but in most cases is the central purpose of the poem.

Communcation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communcation - Assignment Example Distinctive channels have diverse qualities and shortcoming. 4. Decoder: Decoder translates the encoded message to recover the original message. This procedure has to be correct and accurate, or else the message is lost completely. This encoding and decoding will be exceptionally help full in military and versatile correspondences. a) Super Low and Extra Low Frequency bands (SLF and ELF) normally occur natural. This can be very long antennae used by electricity authorities, called power lines radiating 50 or 60 Hz. The signal is experienced as hum. The largest natural source of this radio wave is the interaction between the solar wind and the ionosphere, which results in low frequency currents in the earth and oceans. They are usually studied by geophysicists to understand, inter alia, the availability of ore deposits whose electrical conductance is different from that of the surrounding crust. Like ULF (As illustrated in b) below), these bands achieve applications in communication with submarines, and uses very low information rates. b) 300 Hz - 3 kHz. Ultra Low Frequency (ULF). Water or the earth does not readily consume electromagnetic waves occurring in this range. As such, they might be utilized to communicate among or with submarines and with mines. One drawback is that, with such low frequencies, one can only be in a position to modulate the amplitude sufficiently so they cannot convey much data. This is not a disservice if the stage is needed, as is the situation for systems used for navigation. The wavelengths are long to the point that radio wires may be very long. d) 30 - 300 kHz. Low Frequency (LF). This band advantageous since waves can be propagated around the Earth, using refraction and reflections within the ionosphere or the earth surface. For this reason, these two wave channels form a waveguide for the radio waves in this range, which can hence be tapped for communication purposes across the oceans and around the world. e)